Brexit is a focus of all the manifestos for Thursday's election, and the vote to leave the European Union has highlighted the importance of immigration to many voters.
Conservative Prime Minister Theresa May called the snap election in a bid to increase her majority in parliament and win public support for her Brexit strategy.
Security has become a more prominent issue after the parties briefly suspended their campaigns twice following the recent terrorist attacks in Manchester and London.
Here are some of the priorities in four key areas for the four largest parties in England:
The Conservatives:
- Economy: Balance the national budget by 2025 while cutting corporation tax and personal income tax. Increase funding for health services and schools. Seek to expand post-Brexit trade and investment with major non-EU economies such as China, India and the United States.
- Immigration: Restrict EU and non-EU immigration to reduce Britain's annual net immigration to below 100,000 by charging firms more for hiring non-British skilled staff, raising the financial requirements for non-British spouses and other family members to join British citizens, and imposing tougher visa rules on non-British students.
- Brexit: Take Britain out of the EU single market and customs union but retain a "deep and special partnership" with Europe. It will seek a "smooth and orderly Brexit" but accepts that leaving without a deal may be better than agreeing a poor one.
- Security: May's government announced a review of security following the Manchester and London Bridge terrorist attacks, proposing a four-point plan to strengthen its counter-terrorism and counter-extremism work.
Labour:
- Economy: Launch a 10-year program to stimulate growth, much of it through spending on infrastructure and public services. Raise personal income tax for the highest 5 per cent of earners, and raise corporation tax. Abolish tuition fees in higher education, and renationalise rail, water and energy utilities.
- Immigration: End freedom of movement for EU citizens after Brexit. Spend more on public services in areas with high levels of recent immigration.
- Brexit: Negotiate a Brexit agreement that protects Britain's economy, workers' rights and jobs. Place an "emphasis on the single market and customs union" in talks with EU officials. Guarantee the rights of EU citizens resident in Britain.
- Security: Return to police forces the 20,000 officers that were cut over the last seven years of Conservative-led governments. Put more officers in the streets, and recruit 500 extra border guards.
The Liberal Democrats:
- Economy: Reduce national debt, and raise personal income tax to fund health and social care. Invest in infrastructure. Increase spending on education.
- Immigration: Accept 50,000 Syrian refugees over five years and renew a program for child refugees. Allow freedom of movement between Britain and the EU, plus immigration of skilled professionals from non-EU nations.
- Brexit: Hold a referendum on whether or not Britain shold accept the final agreement on Brexit. Remain in the EU single market and customs union.
- Security: Scrap the government's controversial "Prevent" anti-extremism program and develop a new community-based "Engage" program.
UK Independence Party (UKIP)
- Economy: Cut taxes for employees on lower and middle incomes, make energy bills exempt from VAT, and introduce measures to prevent corporations using "aggressive tax avoidance schemes." Divert most of the foreign aid budget into health and other public services.
- Immigration: End freedom of movement from the EU and cut annual net migration to zero within five years. Ban immigration of low-skilled and unskilled workers for five years. Ban Muslim Sharia courts and the wearing of full veils in public places.
- Brexit: Finalise negotiations by 2019 and withhold "divorce" payments to the EU. Leave the EU single market and customs union.
- Security: Recruit 20,000 more police, 7,000 prison officers and 4,000 border guards, and introduce counter-extremism vetting of new immigrants on arrival.
