A 58-year-old man this week became the world's second patient to receive a transplant of a genetically modified pig heart, the latest milestone in a growing field of medical research.
Transplanting animal organs into humans, called xenotransplantation, could offer a solution to the chronic shortage of human organ donations.
More than 100,000 Americans are currently on waiting lists for organ transplants. In Australia, around 1,800 people are awaiting transplants while round 14,000 additional people are on dialysis, some of whom may need a , according to the Australian Donation and Transplantation Activity Report 2022, commissioned by the federal government.
Kidneys make up more than half of organs transplanted in Australia, followed by liver, lungs and heart.
Both procedures using pig hearts were carried out by experts from the University of Maryland School of Medicine, with the first patient dying two months after his transplant last year due to "a multitude of factors including his poor state of health" prior to the operation, the university said in a statement Friday.
'My only real hope left'
The latest operation took place on Wednesday, with patient Lawrence Faucette ineligible for a donated human heart due to pre-existing vascular disease and internal bleeding complications.
Without the experimental transplant, the father of two and Navy veteran was facing near-certain heart failure.
"My only real hope left is to go with the pig heart, the xenotransplant," Faucette was quoted as saying prior to the procedure. "At least now I have hope, and I have a chance."
Surgeons prepare for a pig heart transplant into Lawrence Faucette at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Source: AAP / Mark Teske/University of Maryland School of Medicine
He was taking conventional anti-rejection drugs as well as receiving a new antibody therapy to prevent his body from damaging or rejecting the new organ.
Xenotransplants are challenging because the patient's immune system will attack the foreign organ. Scientists are trying to circumvent the problem by using organs from genetically modified pigs.
In the past few years, doctors have transplanted kidneys from genetically modified pigs into brain-dead patients.
The NYU Langone Hospital Transplant Institute in New York announced this month that a had functioned for a record-breaking 61 days.
Early xenotransplantation research focused on harvesting organs from primates. For example, a baboon heart was transplanted into a newborn known as "Baby Fae" in 1984, but she survived only 20 days.
Current efforts focus on pigs, which are thought to be ideal donors for humans because of their organ size, their rapid growth and large litters, and the fact they are already raised as a food source.
