It comes just two days after women led a massive protest march in Washington to defend their rights, including to abortion.
The decision to ban foreign aid to groups that lobby in support of abortion rights is certain to deepen concern among already apprehensive US family planning and women's rights organisations.
Stenny Hoyer, a Democratic leader in the House of Representatives, sharply criticised Trump for using his first week in office "to attack women's health".
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"It should be no surprise to the millions of women and men who gathered in protest this weekend across the country - and around the world - that Republicans are focused more on making it harder for women to access health care than on the serious economic and security challenges we face," he said.
The restrictions imposed Monday prohibit foreign nongovernmental organisations that receive US family planning assistance from using non-US funding to provide abortion services, information, counseling or referrals and from engaging in advocacy to promote abortion.
They were first put in place in 1984 by Republican president Ronald Reagan.
Later eliminated by Democratic president Bill Clinton, they were reinstalled by his Republican successor George W Bush, and annulled again after Barack Obama took office.
Galvanised by Trump's November 8 election, abortion opponents in states where Republicans hold power moved swiftly last month to adopt draconian anti-abortion measures that in some cases pose challenges to constitutional liberties.
The new president, meanwhile, has pledged to nominate an anti-abortion justice to the Supreme Court, which could lead to overturning Roe vs Wade, the emblematic ruling that legalised abortion in the United States in 1973.
